新倫理學原理

緒 論......................................................................................................................................1
一、倫理學界說：關(guān)于道德好壞的價值科學.................................................1
二、倫理學公理：倫理學全部研究對象之推演............................................4
三、倫理學意義：價值最大的科學..................................................................11
上卷 元倫理學
第一章 元倫理范疇：倫理學初始概念...................................................................17
引言...............................................................................................................................17
一、價值......................................................................................................................20
1. 主體與客體：主體性亦即自主性.......................................................20
2. 價值：客體事實屬性對主體需要的效用........................................23
3. 效用論價值定義的困境：商品價值不是商品的效用.................26
二、善...........................................................................................................................28
1. 善：內(nèi)在善與手段善..............................................................................28
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新倫理學原理
2. 惡：純粹惡與必要惡..............................................................................30
3. 善與惡定義之確證...................................................................................33
三、應(yīng)該與正當........................................................................................................36
1. 應(yīng)該：行為的善........................................................................................36
2. 正當：行為的道德善..............................................................................38
3. 正當、應(yīng)該和善：道德應(yīng)該的可普遍化性....................................43
四、事實與是............................................................................................................45
1. 事實：廣義事實概念..............................................................................45
2. 是：狹義事實概念...................................................................................47
3. 結(jié)論：兩種事實概念..............................................................................50
第二章 元倫理確證：倫理學公理和公設(shè)..............................................................52
一、倫理學存在公理與公設(shè)................................................................................53
1. 價值的存在本質(zhì)：客體的屬性...........................................................54
2. 價值的存在本質(zhì)：客體的關(guān)系屬性和第三性質(zhì)..........................57
3. 結(jié)論：倫理學的價值存在公理和道德價值存在公設(shè).................63
二、關(guān)于倫理學存在公理和公設(shè)的理論........................................................65
1. 客觀論和實在論........................................................................................65
2. 實在論的幾種類型...................................................................................68
3. 主觀論...........................................................................................................72
4. 關(guān)系論...........................................................................................................74
三、倫理學推導公理和公設(shè)................................................................................77
1. 倫理學的價值推導公理和道德價值推導公設(shè)...............................77
2. 倫理學的價值判斷推導公理和道德價值判斷推導公設(shè)............82
3. 倫理學的價值判斷真理性推導公理和道德價值判斷
真理性推導公設(shè)........................................................................................86
4. 倫理學的優(yōu)良規(guī)范推導公理和優(yōu)良道德規(guī)范推導公設(shè)............88
目 錄
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四、關(guān)于倫理學推導公理和公設(shè)的理論........................................................94
1. 自然主義......................................................................................................94
2. 元倫理直覺主義........................................................................................97
3. 情感主義....................................................................................................101
4. 規(guī)定主義....................................................................................................105
5. 描述主義....................................................................................................106
中卷 規(guī)范倫理學
第一篇 道德價值標準：社會為何制定道德
第三章 道德概念............................................................................................................115
一、道德界說..........................................................................................................116
1. 道德與倫理...............................................................................................116
2. 道德與應(yīng)該...............................................................................................118
3. 道德與法....................................................................................................120
二、道德結(jié)構(gòu)..........................................................................................................121
1. 道德基本結(jié)構(gòu)...........................................................................................121
2. 道德完整結(jié)構(gòu)...........................................................................................123
3. 道德深層結(jié)構(gòu)...........................................................................................124
三、道德類型..........................................................................................................126
1. 道德的普遍性與特殊性：普遍道德與特殊道德........................126
2. 道德的相對性與絕對性：絕對道德與相對道德........................129
3. 道德的主客觀性與優(yōu)劣性：優(yōu)良道德與惡劣道德...................131
四、關(guān)于道德概念的理論...................................................................................134
1. 倫理相對主義...........................................................................................134
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新倫理學原理
2. 倫理絕對主義：境遇倫理學..............................................................137
3. 道德主觀主義與道德懷疑論..............................................................139
4. 道德客觀主義與道德實在論..............................................................142
第四章 道德的起源和目的.........................................................................................145
一、道德起源和目的：從道德共同體看......................................................146
1. 道德共同體概念：道德代理者與道德顧客..................................146
2. 道德共同體的界限：有利于人類的一切生物.............................148
3. 道德起源和目的：保障利益共同體與增進人類利益...............149
二、道德起源和目的：從社會的道德需要看.............................................152
1. 社會的道德需要：道德的起源和目的...........................................152
2. 道德的全部源泉和目的........................................................................156
3. 道德的起源和目的之社會本性.........................................................160
三、道德起源和目的：從個人的道德需要看.............................................165
1. 個人的道德需要：道德實現(xiàn)的途徑和手段..................................165
2. 道德和美德：一種必要的惡..............................................................168
3. 道德起源和目的之他律本性..............................................................173
四、道德起源和目的之理論..............................................................................177
1. 人類中心主義與非人類中心主義.....................................................177
2. 道德他律論與道德自律論...................................................................181
第五章 道德終極標準：國家制度好壞的終極價值標準................................186
一、道德終極標準體系.......................................................................................186
1. 增減每個人利益總量：道德終極總標準和國家制度價值終極
總標準.........................................................................................................186
2. 最大利益凈余額：利益沖突的終極標準......................................189
3. 最大多數(shù)人最大利益：優(yōu)先于最大利益凈余額標準...............192